All persons engaged directly in R&D, whether employed by the statistical unit or external contributors fully integrated into the statistical unit’s R&D activities, as well as those providing direct services for the R&D activities (such as R&D managers, administrators, technicians and clerical staff) broken down by their formal level of qualification (ISCED level 8, ISCED level 7, ISCED level 6, ISCED level 5, or all lower ISCED levels combined).
R&D surveys.
Adapted from OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development.