Professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge (who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods) broken down by their formal level of qualification (ISCED level 8, ISCED level 7, ISCED level 6, ISCED level 5, or all lower ISCED levels combined).
R&D surveys.
Adapted from OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development.